Dissecting Leonardo's Anatomy
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The Spine
The Leg and Foot
The Upper Respiratory System
The Shoulder
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Later anatomical studies On his later method of scientific study: "Wrongly do men cry out against experience and with bitter reproaches accuse her of deceitfulness. Let experience alone, and rather turn your complaints against your own ignorance, which causes you to be so carried away by your vain and insensate desires as to expect from experience things which are not within her power! Wrongly do men cry out against innocent experience, accusing her often of deceit and lying demonstrations!" (qtd. in MacCurdy 64). On the value of direct observation versus copying: "My opponent says that in order to gain experience and to learn how to work readily, it is better that the first period of study should be spend in copying various compositions made by different masters ... But to this it may be replied ... since such masters are so rare that few are to be found, it is safer to go direct to the works of nature than to those which have been imitated from her originals with great deterioration and thereby to acquire a bad method, for he who has access to the fountain does not go to the water-pot" (qtd. in MacCurdy 905).
On his method of portraying the body:
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